How to use BAPV to alleviate the urban heat island effect

In recent years, the phenomenon of the urban heat island caused by the rapid development of cities is very serious. To solve the problem of the urban heat island, this study proposed a PPP project consisting of the government (GOVT), photovoltaic investment company (PVIC), and residential customers (RS). Based on an evolutionary game model and combined with current policies and industry regulations in China, the evolution process and stable evolution strategies were studied. The result shows that more government subsidies, higher carbon trading prices, and feed-in tariffs will promote the development of the PPP project. For relatively suitable reference value ranges, the installation tilt angle of the BAPV system is 30°, the photovoltaic grid electricity price is 0.&#;0. $/kWh, the carbon trading is 8.92&#;9.42 $/t.

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1. Introduction

With the use of traditional fossil energy, population agglomeration, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have caused the urban heat island effect and urban climate problems [1]. The phenomenon of the urban heat island refers to the phenomenon that the temperature in urban areas is higher than that in surrounding rural areas, forests and other natural environments [2]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the urban heat island effect gradually attracted the attention of urban planners [3, 4]. At present, the urban heat island effect has become one of the common environmental problems in the world. The urban heat island phenomenon has not only brought many adverse effects to the urban environment, but also brought significant harm in aggravating climate change, increasing air pollution and affecting human health [5, 6].

BAPV is actually a solar photovoltaic power generation system attached to a building, also known as "installed" solar photovoltaic buildings. Its main function is to generate electricity, which does not conflict with the function of the building, and does not destroy or weaken the function of the original building. BAPV can greatly improve the energy efficiency of buildings. It can reduce the radiation of sunlight as much as possible under the premise of ensuring a certain amount of lighting, thus reducing the use of air conditioning in the building in summer and reducing the energy consumption of the building. At the same time, BAPV can also provide functions such as warmth in winter. Therefore, it solves the urban heat island problem to a certain extent. The differences between BAPV and BIPV are as follows: BIPV has been an indispensable part of the building plays the role of building materials, not only can meet the functional requirements of photovoltaic power generation but also can take into account the functional requirements of the building, is a combination of photovoltaic products and building materials, can replace some traditional building materials, integrated design in the building design stage, in the construction and the main body of the building molding. The components in the BAPV building are only attached to the building through a simple support structure, and after removing the photovoltaic modules, the building function remains intact [7, 8]. There are three main methods for monitoring the urban heat island effect: temperature-based heat island monitoring method, vegetation-index-based heat island monitoring method and "thermal landscape"-based heat island monitoring method. Palme et al. [9] studied the problem that can support the calculation of the urban heat island in building performance simulation. The accumulation of heat in the urban space will inevitably lead to the increase of land surface temperature. Therefore, the study of the urban heat island effect based on land surface temperature is one of the most intuitive research methods. By means of remote sensing, scholars have conducted a lot of research on the urban heat island effect. Xie et al. [10] evaluated the potential benefits of photovoltaic pavement to mitigate the urban heat island effect. The result shows that compared with traditional pavement, photovoltaic pavement can reduce the surface temperature by 3&#;5°C in summer, and reduce the heat generation under various climatic conditions by 11&#;12%.

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Tran et al. [11] compared and evaluated the surface urban heat island of 18 megacities in temperate and tropical climate zones based on Landsat ETM+ data, studied the urban heat island phenomenon in Asia as a whole, and added practical support for the land surface model of high-resolution satellite thermal sensor data; Liang et al. [12] combined weather research, forecasting models, plate models, and single-layer urban canopy models to simulate the urban heat island effect in Beijing, and found that using accurate emissivity can provide the best simulation result. There is a negative correlation between near-surface temperature and emissivity and albedo, while there is a positive correlation between near-surface temperature and urban proportion. Zhang et al. [13] analyzed the relationship between urban land use and six socio-ecological variables and land surface temperature from to based on the spatial-temporal change characteristics of land surface temperature in Nanchang. The study showed that the rise of land surface temperature was generally affected by rapid urbanization in the region.

According to the author&#;s research, in the currently published papers, there is no impact analysis study based on the evolutionary game theory on collaborative projects between government (GOVT), photovoltaic investment company (PVIC) and residential customers (RS). In order to fill this research gap, this study utilized evolutionary game theory, combined it with current policies and industry regulations in China to establish a tripartite evolutionary game model and studied the typical parameters that affect the project, which analyzed the evolution process of the participants, and analyzed and predicted the future development of China to solve the urban heat island problem from the perspective of bounded rationality.

The research of this paper is divided into the following parts: The first chapter introduces the harm of urban heat island effect and expounds the importance of solving urban heat island problem. The second chapter is the mathematical modeling of this research. The third chapter verifies the stability. The fourth chapter analyzes and discusses the modeling results. Chapter five summarizes and looks forward to this study.

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