Tanning Injections: Risks, Side Effects, and Precautions
Tanning Injections: Risks, Side Effects, and Precautions
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In many Western cultures, tanned skin is often perceived as attractive. More than 10 million Americans use indoor tanning methods, such as tanning lamps or tanning beds, to darken their skin. Though many people like how their skin looks when its bronzed, tanning has no health benefits.
Overexposure to ultraviolet light, which is naturally found in sunlight and also used in indoor tanning methods, can damage your skin and increase your risk of developing skin cancer.
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, just one indoor tanning session can increase your risk of developing melanoma by 20 percent, basal cell carcinoma by 29 percent, and squamous cell carcinoma by 67 percent.
As more people realize the potential dangers of tanning, theyve started looking for alternatives, such as tanning injections. Tanning injections mimic a hormone in your body that causes your skin to produce a pigment called melanin.
But these injections are currently illegal to buy in the United States and are linked to potentially serious side effects.
Keep reading to find out how tanning injections work and why you should avoid them to protect your health.
How melanin injections work
Tanning injections come in two forms: melanotan I and melanotan II. Both types of injections work by replicating alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in your body. This hormone binds to melanocortin receptors and stimulates the production of the pigment melanin in your skin cells. The more melanin your skin cells produce, the darker your skin appears.
Melanotan I lasts longer in your body than melanotan II before being broken down by enzymes. Melanotan I is known as afamelanotide when used medically.
Afamelanotide is sold under the brand name Scenesse, and its used to prevent phototoxicity in people with a condition called erythropoietic protoporphyria. People with this rare genetic disorder experience severe pain when their skin is exposed to sunlight and some artificial lights.
Melanotan II binds with a wider range of receptors than melanotan I and has a shorter life in your body. It can also cross your blood-brain barrier, which can cause side effects like appetite loss, sexual dysfunction, and fatigue. Melanotan II is not currently used to treat any medical conditions.
Both melanotan I and melanotan II are unregulated and often sold illegally online. Online retailers arent monitored by any governing health organization, so theres a high risk that products have been mislabeled or contain impurities. One small study found that melanotan II bought from two different vendors contained between 4.1 to 5.9 percent impurities.
Side effects of tanning injections
One of the biggest concerns around tanning injections is that theyre unregulated. Without proper regulation, theres no guarantee that the product youre using has been properly labeled. Plus, the long-term effects of using melanotan I and melanotan II remain largely unknown.
In one observational survey, researchers questioned 21 volunteers who had used melanotan in the past, were actively using it at the time of the survey, or were considering using it in the future. The researchers found that the most common side effects were:
- nausea
- flushing
- loss of appetite
- drowsiness
In the s, one of the researchers involved in the development of melanotan II self-described himself as a human guinea pig when he injected himself with it. After accidentally injecting double the intended dose, he experienced an 8-hour erection, nausea, and vomiting.
Melanotan use has been linked to the following conditions. More research is needed, though, before researchers can definitively say that melanotan causes these conditions.
Erectile dysfunction
A case study describes a man who experienced acute priapism after injecting himself with melanotan. Priapism is a prolonged and painful erection caused by excessive blood flow. The man was admitted to the hospital but didnt require surgery. At a 4-week follow-up, he still hadnt recovered erectile function.
Skin cancer
More research needs to be done before scientists can confirm whether melanotan increases your risk of developing skin cancer. Still, this remains one of the biggest concerns around the use of tanning injections.
According to a review, there are at least four case reports of melanoma emerging from moles after the use of melanotan. Theres also some evidence that melanotan use is linked to the emergence of new moles.
In one of the case studies, a 20-year-old woman was referred to a dermatology clinic after developing a jet-black mark over her glute that was later diagnosed as melanoma. She had been injecting melanotan II every other day for 3 to 4 weeks.
Kidney failure
According to a review, melanotan II has been linked to a potentially life threatening condition called renal infarction. Renal infarction develops when blood flow to your kidneys is blocked. It has a mortality rate of about 11.4 percent within the first month of diagnosis.
Injection risks
Tanning injections come with the same risks as other forms of injections if theyre not properly prepared, such as:
- hepatitis B and C
- HIV/AIDS
- nerve damage
- abscess
- septicemia (blood infection)
Are melanin, melanotan I, or melanotan II injections legal?
Melanotan I and melanotan II are illegal to purchase in the United States and the United Kingdom. Despite this, they are still widely sold on the internet or at health clubs and gyms.
Afamelanotide is an orphan drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Its used for the treatment of the rare genetic disorder erythropoietic protoporphyria.
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Are there any safe melanin injections?
All melanin injections are unsafe when used for the purpose of changing skin color. Melanin injections are unregulated and have the potential to cause life threatening side effects. Illegally purchased injections bought online may be mislabeled or contain impurities that could be seriously harmful to your health.
The takeaway
Tanned skin is considered attractive in many Western cultures. But most methods of darkening your skin increase your risk of skin cancer and offer no health benefits.
Tanning injections darken your skin by replicating a hormone in your body that stimulates the production of melanin in your skin. All forms of tanning injections are currently illegal to purchase in the United States.
Tanning injections arent regulated, and theres little research on their long-term effects. Some research suggests that they may increase your risk of developing skin cancer.
Melanotan II
What is melanotan II?
Melanotan II is an unlicensed and largely untested form of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which causes pigmentation (tanning) of human skin. Melanotan II is a variant of melanotan I (afamelanotide), a drug used in the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Melanotan II is not approved for the treatment of any medical conditions currently. It has been reported to cause a wide range of potentially serious side effects. Warnings against its use have been issued from the US, UK and several other countries.
How does melanotan II work?
Melanotan II non-selectively mimics the action of melanocortin peptides. These are natural hormones involved with pigmentation, energy homeostasis, sexual functioning, the immune system, inflammation, and the cardiovascular system. Much like melanotan I (afamelanotide), melanotan II stimulates the production of eumelanin, causing the skin to go darker (tanning).
Melanotan II is usually administered as an injection of liquid underneath the skin, commonly every second day. Trials have shown that the tanning effect can occur within 5 doses.
Side effects of melanotan II
Short term side effects after administration include:
- Facial flushing
- Reduced appetite, nausea and vomiting
- In males, spontaneous erections 1-5 hours after administration (priapism), associated with yawning and stretching complex
Long term, there is concern that melanotan II may increase the risk of:
Melanoma
a potentially serious form of skincancer
- Deepening of the colour of moles, new moles and
atypical
melanocytic
naevi
Melanonychia
brown to black discolouration of one or morenails
Rhabdomyolysis
potentially fatal destruction of muscle cellsEncephalopathy
syndrome
There is also concern about possible side effects due to contamination or lack of sterility if melanotan II is prepared incorrectly or needles are shared.
Sexual
dysfunction
During clinic trials for its use as a tanning agent, melanotan II was found to be a potent stimulator of male erections. A new drug based on melanotan II, bremelanotide, was developed to take advantage of this property. It has been noted across several studies to increase rigidity and duration of male erection, as well as male sexual desire. It has also been shown to increase female sexual desire in patients with sexual arousal disorder.
Drug interactions with melanotan II
No specific drug interactions have not been identified with melanotan II.
Safety measures
Melanotan II has not been fully tested, and due to its potential side effects it is not recommended that anybody use this drug.
No evidence exists for the use of melatonin II in pregnancy or breast feeding but it is recommended that it should be avoided.
New Zealand approved datasheets are the official source of information for prescription medicines, including approved uses and risk information. Melanotan II is not registered for use in New Zealand.
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